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The War of Independence of Brazil (also known as the Brazilian War of Independence) was waged between Brazil and Portugal. It lasted from February 1822, when the first skirmishes between militias took place, to November 1823, when the last Portuguese garrison surrendered. The war was fought on land and sea and involved both regular forces and civilian militia. ==History== The Brazilian revolutionaries created the Brazilian Army and the Brazilian Navy by forced enlistment of citizens and foreign immigrants. They enlisted slaves into militias and also freed slaves in order to enlist them in the army and the navy. Land and naval battles took place in the territories of Bahia, Cisplatina, Rio de Janeiro, the vice-kingdom of Grão-Pará, and in Maranhão and Pernambuco, which are today the States of Ceará, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte. Fights between militias broke out in the streets of the main cities in these territories in 1822〔 Laurentino Gomes; ''1822'' Nova Fronteira, Brasil 2010 ISBN 85-209-2409-3 Chapter 10 pg 161〕 and quickly spread inland, despite the arrival of reinforcements from Portugal in 1822. The Portuguese forces were able to stop the local militias in certain cities, including Salvador, Montevideo and São Luís, however, they failed to defeat the militias in most of the other cities and proved ineffective against the guerrilla forces in the rural areas of the country. By 1823, the Brazilian army had grown, replacing its early losses in terms of both personnel and supplies. The remaining Portuguese forces, already on the defensive, were rapidly running out of both manpower and supplies. Outnumbered across a vast territory, the Portuguese were forced to restrict their sphere of action to the provincial capitals along the shore that represented the country's strategic sea ports, including Belém, Montevideo, Salvador and São Luís do Maranhão. At sea, the Brazilian action was led by Thomas Cochrane. The newly emerging navy experienced a number of early setbacks due to sabotage by several of the Portuguese-born men in the naval crews. But by 1823 the navy had been reformed and the Portuguese members were replaced by native Brazilians, freed slaves and Brazilian-born free men, as well as British and American mercenary forces. This helped to strengthen the Brazilian navy which succeeded in clearing the coast of the Portuguese presence and isolating the remaining Portuguese land troops. By the end of 1823, the Brazilian naval forces had pursued the remaining Portuguese ships across the Atlantic nearly as far as the shores of Portugal. Today there is a shortage of reliable statistics〔 Laurentino Gomes ''1822'' Nova Fronteira, Brasil 2010 ISBN 85-209-2409-3 Chapter 10 pg 163〕 about the war. The total number of casualties suffered by both sides remains uncertain. Casualty estimates are based on contemporary reports of battles and historical registrations, and range from 5,700 to 6,200 in total. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「War of Independence of Brazil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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